Hydrogeology of Karstic Springs in Kalaleh Region, Golestan Province

Mirhasani, Ghamar-Odin; Bagheri, Rahim; Nik Ghojogh, Yaghob

doi:10.22059/ije.2018.232210.576

Hydrogeology of Karstic Springs in Kalaleh Region, Golestan Province

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

¹ Faculty of Earth Sciences- Shahrood University of Technology

² Expert of Hydrogeology, Golestan Regional Water Authority

10.22059/ije.2018.232210.576

Abstract

Kelale mountainous region is located in the east of the Golestan province. There are several karstic springs such as Zav, Aghsoo, Yal-cheshme in the region due to the existing karstic limestone and relatively high average precipitation value. The development of karstic formation in Kelale area and catchment area of four major springs has been investigated in this study based on geology, hydrogeologic and hydrochemical factors. In this area, springs are discharged from Lar, Tirgan, and Mozduran karstic formations and Sarcheshmeh shale formation. Different karst features such as closed depression, sinkhole, joint and fractures were observed in Lar formation during field investigation, then the Lar formation proposed as catchment area. The types of flow in all springs are conduit and diffuse flow. Zav and upper Yal-cheshme with three recession coefficient, are fed by a well-developed karstic aquifer; while the recession curve of Aghsoo and lower Yal-cheshme have one recession coefficient, indicating weaker karstic development in the basin. All the springs have the same origin and mainly have Ca-HCO3 water type. Cation exchange also affects the hydrochemical characteristic of the springs. All springs are super-saturated with calcite and dolomite but under-saturated with gypsum and halite.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Water Resources Management in Natural Ecosystems

References

Ford D, Williams P. Karst geomorphology and hydrogeology. 2^nd ed. England: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2007.

[2]. Raeisi E, Karami GH. The governing factors of the physicochemical characteristics of Sheshpeer karst spring, Iran. Carbonate and evaporates. 1996;11(2):162-169.

[3]. Karimi H. Hydrogeological investigation of Mogermoon and Sar-Asiab karstic springs. Proceeding of 9^th symposium of geology society of Iran. 2005;149-157; Tehran.[Persian].

[4]. Maghsoodi M, Karimi H, Safari H, Chahar-Rahi Z. Evaluating the karst development in Prav-Bisetoon region. Physical geography research quarterly journal. 2009;69(8):51-65.[Persian].

[5]. Karami GH. Hydrogeological and hydrochemical assessment of karstic springs in Palangan and Zar Ab region report. 1^nd ed. Kurdistan: Kurdestan regional water authority; 2011.[Persain].

[6]. Padilla A, Pulido-Bosch A, Mangin A. Relative importance of baseflow and quickflow from hydrographs of karst spring. Ground water journal. 1994;32(2):267-277.

[7]. White WB. Groundwater flow in karstic aquifers. In: Delleur JW, editor. The handbook of groundwater engineering. 2^nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1998.p.1-47.

[8]. Bagheri S, Yamani M, Jafar-Bigloo M, Karimi H, Moghimi A. The assessing of karst development and hydrodynamic characteristics of karstic aquifers in Alvand region. Physical geography research quarterly journal. 2015;47(3):333-346.[Persian].

[9]. Bagheri R. Leakage potential in Seymarreh dam site. MSC thesis. 1^nd ed. Shiraz: Shiraz University; 2007 [Persian].

[10]. Mohammadi-Behzad H, Cherchi GH, Kalantari N. Assessing the hydrogeological behavior of Sabz-Abad karstic spring, north of Khozestan province. Advanced applied geology journal. 2014;15(5):10-19.[Persian].

[11]. Bagheri R, Raeisi E, Zare M, Mohamadi Z, Bahadori F. The source of karstic springs in east part of Ravandi Anticline using ²H-¹⁸O, hydrochemistry, and water budget. Proceeding of 11^th symposium of geology society of Iran. 2007;4-6; Mashhad.[Persian].

[12]. Bagheri R, Raeisi E, Zare M, Mohamadi Z. Leakage potential in Seymareh dam site. The 26^th symposium on geosciences. 2008;17-19; Tehran.[Persian].

[13]. Mohammadi Z, Bagheri R, Jahanshahi R. Hydrogeochemistry and geothermometry of Changal thermal springs, Zagros region, Iran. Geothermics. 2010;(39):242–249.

[14]. Ahmed M. Lineament as groundwater exploration guides in hard-rock terranes of arid regions. Canadian journal of remote sensing. 1996;22(1):108-116.

[15]. Li Sh, Zhang Q, Su M, Wang Z, Wang S. Predicting geological hazards during tunnel construction. Journal of hard rock mechanics and geotechnical engineering. 2010;2(3):232-242.

[16]. Ashjari J. In influences of anticlinal structure on regional flow, Zagros, Iran. PhD thesis. 1^nd ed. Shiraz: Shiraz University; 2007.

[17]. Kukacka M. Self-organization for the detection of local features. The 9^th proceedings of contributed papers. 2009;62-67; Prague.

[18]. Kovacs A. A quantitative method for the characterisation of karst aquifers based on spring hydrograph analysis. Journal of hydrology. 2005;303(1-4):152–160.

[19]. Karimi H. Characterising the main karst aquifers of the Alvand 12- basin, northwest of Zagros, Iran, by a hydrogeochemical approach. Hydrogeology journal. 2005;13(5-6):787–799.

[20]. Alavi M. Regional stratigraphy of the Zagros fold-thrust belt of Iran and its pro-foreland evolution. American journal of science. 2004;304(1):1–20.

[21]. Stocklin J, Setudehnia A. Stratigraphic lexicon of Iran. 1^nd ed. Iran: Geological survey of Iran; 1977.

[22]. Maillet E. Essais dhydraulique souterraine et fluviale. 1^nd ed. Paris: Hermann; 1985.

[23]. Malik P, Vojtkova S. Use of recession-curve analysis for estimation of karstification degree and its application in assessing overflow/underflow condition in closely spaced karstic springs. Environmental earth sciences. 2012;65(8):2245-2257.

[24]. Karami GH, Bagheri R, Rahimi F. Determining the groundwater potential recharge zone and karst springs catchment area: Saldoran region, western Iran. Hydrogeology journal. 2016;24(8):1981-1992.

[25]. Bagheri R, Jafari H, Momeni AA, Bagheri F.
Analysis of karst spring recession curves, west of Iran. Arabian journal of geosciences. 2016;1(19):731-743.

[26]. Allocca V, Manna F, Vita PD. Estimating annual groundwater recharge coefficient for karst aquifers of the southern Apennines (Italy). Hydrology and earth system science. 2014;18:803–817.

[27]. Todd DK, Mays LW. Groundwater hydrology. 3^nd ed. New York: John Wiley; 2005.

[28]. Hem JD. Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water. 1^nd ed. New York: United State geological survey; 1970.