A review of methods for removing heavy metal from aqueous media

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

2 Chemical Engineering Department, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran.

Abstract

The present paper briefly describes heavy metals from various aspects, the sources of production and the negative effects of these metals on human health, the standards and regulations of various agencies to comply with the permissible limits and finally, it also explores the methods of purification, separation and removal of these elements.
Regarding treatment methods, a wide range of processes and disadvantages and advantages of each of the old types to the new technologies has been investigated, including chemical precipitation, coagulation-flocculation, flotation, ion exchange, electrochemical treatment, membrane filtration and adsorption.
In this regard, absorption is considered as a simple but efficient approach, and has been specifically addressed and sorbents have been studied including active carbon, carbon nanotubes, graphene oxides and biosorbents.
Today, nanoscale materials have shown significant applications in the treatment of aquatic environments, due to their unique features such as high surface area, large active sites and high absorption capacity. In this regard, magnetic nanoparticles of iron oxides are considered as cost-effective, high-efficiency and environmentally friendly adsorbents.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

[1].  IUPAC Technical Report, “Heavy Metals”— A Meaningless Term? Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2002; 74(5): 793–807.
[2].  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA’s Terms of Environment, 2000.
[3].  World Health Organization. Adverse Health effects of Heavy Metals in Children, 2011.
[4].  Chowdhury S, Jafar Mazumder M.A, Al-Attas O, Husain T. Heavy metals in drinking water: Occurrences, implications, and future needs in developing countries. Science of the Total Environment. 2016; 569-570: 476-488.
[5].  Bruins M.R, Kapil S, Oehme F.W. Microbial Resistance to Metals in the Environment. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2000; 45: 198-207.
[6].  Hussein H, Farag S, Kandil K, Moawad H. Tolerance and uptake of heavy metals by Pseudomonads. Process Biochemistry. 2005; 40: 955–961.
[7].  Nies D.H. Microbial heavy-metal resistance. Applied Microbiology Biotechnology. 1999; 51: 730-750.
[8].  Song J, Kong H, Jang J. Adsorption of heavy metal ions from aqueous solution by polyrhodanine-encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2011; 359: 505–511.
[9].  Geiger A, Cooper J. Overview of Airborne Metals Regulations, Exposure Limits, Health Effects, and Contemporary Research. Cooper Environmental Services LLC. 2010.
 
[10].            Li H, Xiao D, He H, Lin R, Zuo P. Adsorption behavior and adsorption mechanism of Cu(II) ions on amino-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 2013; 23: 2657−2665.
[11].            Mohan D, Pittman Jr C.U. Arsenic removal from water/wastewater using adsorbents - A critical review. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2007; 142: 1–53.
[12].            Mandal B.K, Suzuki K.T. Arsenic round the world: a review. Talanta. 2002; 58: 201–235.
[13].            Huang J, Yuan F, Zeng G, Li X, Gu Y, Shi L, Liu W, Shi Y. Influence of pH on heavy metal speciation and removal from wastewater using micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration. Chemosphere. 2017; 173: 199-206.
[14].            Badruddoza A.Z.M, Shawon Z.B.Z, Daniel T.W.J, Hidajat K, Shahab Uddin M. Fe3O4/cyclodextrin polymer nanocomposites for selective heavy metals removal from industrial wastewater. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2013; 91: 322–332.
[15].            Xia Z, Baird L, Zimmerman N, Yeager M. Heavy metal ion removal by thiol functionalized aluminum oxidehydroxide nanowhiskers. Applied Surface Science. 2017; 416: 565–573.
[16].            Whitacre D.M. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol 224. Springer; 2013.
[17].            Fowler B.A. Monitoring of human populations for early markers of cadmium toxicity: A review. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2009; 238: 294–300.
[18].            Aoshima K. Itai-itai disease: Renal tubular osteomalacia induced by environmental exposure to cadmium—historical review and perspectives. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. 2016; 62(4): 319-326.
[19].            Costa M, Klein C.B. Toxicity and Carcinogenicity of Chromium Compounds in Humans. Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 2006; 36(2): 155-163.
[20].            Patlolla A.K, Armstrong N, Tchounwou P.B. Cytogenetic evaluation of potassium dichromate toxicity in bone marrow cells of Sprague-Dawley rats. Metal Ions in Biology and Medicine. 2008; 10: 353–358.
[21].            Luch A. Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology - Volume 3: Environmental Toxicology. Springer; 2012.
[22].            Broadley M.R, White P.J, Hammond J.P, Zelko I, Lux A. Zinc in plants. New Phytologist. 2007; 173(4): 677-702.
[23].            Santamaria A.B. Manganese exposure, essentiality & toxicity. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 2008; 128: 484-500.
[24].            Cempel M, Nikel G. Nickel: A Review of Its Sources and Environmental Toxicology. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 2006; 15(3): 375-382.
[25].            Denkhaus E, Salnikow K. Nickel essentiality, toxicity, and carcinogenicity. Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 2002; 42: 35–56.
[26].            Selinus O. Essentials of Medical Geology. Springer; 2013.
[27].            Sun H.J, Rathinasabapathi B, Wu B, Luo J, Pu L.P, Ma L.Q. Arsenic and selenium toxicity and their interactive effects in humans. Environment International. 2014; 69: 148–158.
[28].            Tchounwou P.B, Ayensu W.k, Ninashvilli N, Sutton D. Environmental exposures to mercury and its toxicopathologic implications for public health. Environmental Toxicology. 2003; 18:149–175.
[29].            Rooney J.P.K. The role of thiols, dithiols, nutritional factors and interacting ligands in the toxicology of mercury. Toxicology. 2007; 234: 145–156.
[30].            Dopp E, Hartmann L.M, Florea A.M, Rettenmier A.W, Hirner A.V. Environmental distribution, analysis, and toxicity of organometal (loid) compounds. Critical Reviews in Toxicology. 2004; 34: 301–333.
[31].            Brewer G.J. Risks of Copper and Iron Toxicity during Aging in Humans. Chemical Research in Toxicology. 2010; 23: 319-326.
[32].            Gaetke L.M, Chow C.K. Copper toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidant nutrients. Toxicology. 2003; 189: 147-163.
[33].            Genderen E.J.V, Ryan A.C, Tomasso J.R, Klaine S.J. Evaluation of acute copper toxicity to larval fathead minnows (PIMEPHALES PROMELAS) in soft surface waters. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 2005; 24: 408-414.
[34].            Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological Profile for Cobalt. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta. 2004.
[35].            Simonsen L.O, Harbak H, Bennekou P. Cobalt metabolism and toxicology - A brief update. Science of the Total Environment. 2012; 432: 210–215.
[36].            US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), ed. US EPA, Washington DC, vol. EPA832-F-00-018; 2000.
[37].            Duruibe J.O, Ogwuegbu M.O.C, Egwurugwu J.N. Heavy metal pollution and human biotoxic effects. International Journal of Physical Sciences. 2007; 2(5): 112-118.
[38].            Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Water Quality for Agriculture, Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 29, Rev. 1., Rome; 1985.
[39].            Hasanzadeh R, Moghadam P.N, Bahri-Laleh N, Sillanpaa M. Effective removal of toxic metal ions from aqueous solutions: 2-Bifunctional magnetic nanocomposite base on novel reactive PGMA-MAn copolymer@Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2017; 490: 727–746.
[40].            Valls M, de Lorenzo V, Gonzalez-Duarte R, Atrian S. Engineering outer-membrane proteins in Pseudomonas putida for enhanced heavy-metal bioadsorption. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 2000; 79: 219–223.
[41].            Fan H.L, Zhou S.F, Jiao W.Z, Qi G.S, Liu Y.Z. Removal of heavy metal ions by magnetic chitosan nanoparticles prepared continuously via high-gravity reactive precipitation method. Carbohydrate Polymers. 2017; 174: 1192–1200.
[42].            Benefield L.D, Morgan J.M. Chemical precipitation, in: R.D. Letterman (Ed.). Water Quality and Treatment. NY: McGraw-Hill Inc; 1999.
[43].            Wang L.K, Vaccari D.A, Li Y, Shammas N.K. Chemical precipitation, in: L.K. Wang, Y.T. Hung, N.K. Shammas (Eds.), Physicochemical Treatment Processes, vol. 3. NJ: Humana Press; 2004.
[44].            Juttner K, Galla U, Schmieder H. Electrochemical approaches to environmental problems in the process industry. Electrochimica Acta. 2000; 45: 2575–2594.
[45].            Yang X.J, Fane A.G, MacNaughton S. Removal and recovery of heavy metals from wastewaters by supported liquid membranes. Water Science and Technology. 2001; 43(2): 341–348.
[46].            Azimi A, Azari A, Rezakazemi M, Ansarpour M. Removal of Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewaters: A Review. ChemBioEng Reviews. 2017; 4(1): 1–24.
[47].            Shammas N.K. Coagulation and flocculation, in: L.K. Wang, Y.T. Hung, N.K. Shammas (Eds.), Physicochemical Treatment Processes, vol. 3. NJ: Humana Press; 2004.
[48].            Semerjian L, Ayoub G.M. High-pH-magnesium coagulation–flocculation in wastewater treatment. Advances in Environmental Research. 2003; 7: 389–403.
[49].            Licsk´o I. Realistic coagulation mechanisms in the use of aluminium and iron(III) salts. Water Science and Technology. 1997; 36(4): 103–110.
[50].            Charerntanyarak L. Heavy metals removal by chemical coagulation and precipitation. Water Science and Technology. 1999; 39(10/11): 135–138.
[51].            Ayoub G.M, Semerjian L, Acra A, El Fadel M, Koopman B. Heavy metal removal by coagulation with seawater liquid bittern. Journal of Environmental Engineering. 2001; 127(3): 196–202.
[52].            Wang L.K, Fahey E.M, Wu Z.C. Dissolved air flotation, in: L.K. Wang, Y.T. Hung, N.K. Shammas (Eds.), Physicochemical Treatment Processes, vol. 3. NJ: Humana Press; 2004.
[53].            Zabel T. Flotation in water treatment, in: K.J. Ives (Ed.), The Scientific Basis of Flotation. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers; 1984.
[54].            Jokela P, Keskitalo P. Plywood mill water system closure by dissolved air flotation treatment. Water Science and Technology. 1999; 40(11/12): 33–42.
[55].            Matis K.A, Zouboulis A.I, Gallios G.P, Erwe T, Bl¨ocher C. Application of flotation for the separation of metal-loaded zeolite. Chemosphere. 2004; 55: 65–72.
[56].            Taseidifar M, Makavipour F, Pashley R.M, Mokhlesur Rahman A.F.M. Removal of heavy metal ions from water using ion flotation. Environmental Technology & Innovation. 2017; 8: 182–190.
[57].            Dabrowski A, Hubicki Z, Podkoscielny P, Robens E. Selective removal of the heavy metal ions from waters and industrial wastewaters by ion-exchange method. Chemosphere. 2004; 56: 91–106.
[58].            Alyüz B, Veli S. Kinetics and equilibrium studies for the removal of nickel and zinc from aqueous solutions by ion exchange resins. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2009; 167: 482-488.
[59].            Rengaraj S, Kyeong-Ho Y, Seung-Hyeon M. Removal of chromium from water and wastewater by ion exchange resins. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2001; B87: 273–287.
[60].            Ahmed S, Chughtai S, Keane M.A. The removal of cadmium and lead from aqueous solution by ion exchange with Na–Y zeolite. Separation and Purification Technology. 1998; 13: 57–64.
[61].            Tran T.K, Chiu K.F, Lin C.Y, Leu H.J. Electrochemical treatment of wastewater: Selectivity of the heavy metals removal process. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2017; 42(45): 27741-27748.
[62].            Wang L.K, Hung Y.T, Shammas N.K. Advanced physicochemical treatment technologies, In: Handbook of Environmental Engineering, vol. 5. NJ: Humana; 2007.
[63].            Chen G. Electrochemical technologies in wastewater treatment. Separation and Purification Technology. 2004; 38: 11-41.
[64].            Heidmann I, Calmano W. Removal of Zn(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Ag(I) and Cr(VI) present in aqueous solutions by aluminium electrocoagulation. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2008; 152: 934–941.
[65].            Gherasim C.V, Krivcik J, Mikulasek P. Investigation of batch electrodialysis process for removal of lead ions from aqueous solutions. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2014; 256: 324–334.
[66].            Lu H, Wang Y, Wang J. Recovery of Ni2+ and pure water from electroplating rinse wastewater by an integrated two-stage electrodeionization process. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2015; 92: 257-266.
[67].            Saffaj N, Loukili H, Younssi S.A, Albizane A, Bouhria M, Persin M, Larbot A. Filtration of solution containing heavy metals and dyes by means of ultrafiltration membranes deposited on support made of Moroccan clay. Desalination. 2004; 168: 301–306.
[68].            Landaburu-Aguirre J, García V, Pongrácz E, Keiski R.L. The removal of zinc from synthetic wastewaters by micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration: statistical design of experiments. Desalination. 2009; 240: 262-269.
[69].            Huang J.H, Zeng G.M, Zhou C.F, Li X, Shi L.J, He S.B. Adsorption of surfactant micelles and Cd2+/Zn2+ in micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2010; 183: 287-293.
[70].            Barakat M.A, Schmidt E. Polymer-enhanced ultrafiltration process for heavy metals removal from industrial wastewater. Desalination. 2010; 256: 90-93.
[71].            Shahalam A.M, Al-Harthyb A, Al-Zawhryb A. Feed water pretreatment in RO systems: unit processes in the Middle East. Desalination. 2002; 150: 235-245.
[72].            Ujang Z, Anderson G.K. Application of low-pressure reverse osmosis membrane for Zn2+ and Cu2+ removal from wastewater. Water Science Technology. 1996; 34(9): 247–253.
[73].            Potts D.E, Ahlert R.C, Wang S.S. A critical review of fouling of reverse osmosis membranes. Desalination. 1981; 36: 235–264.
[74].            Ning R.Y. Arsenic removal by reverse osmosis. Desalination. 2002; 143: 237–241.
[75].            Slater C.S, Ahlert R.C, Uchrin C.G. Applications of reverse osmosis to complex industrial wastewater treatment. Desalination. 1983; 48: 171–187.
[76].            Alvarez-Vazquez H, Jefferson B, Judd S.J. Membrane bioreactors vs. conventional biological treatment of landfill leachate: a brief review. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology. 2004; 79: 1043–1049.
[77].            Al-Rashdi B, Somerfield C, Hilal N. Heavy Metals Removal Using Adsorption and Nanofiltration Techniques. Separation & Purification Reviews. 2011; 40(3): 209-259.
[78].            Kotrappanavar N.S, Hussain A.A, Abashar M.E.E, Al-Mutaz I.S, Aminabhavi T.M, Nadagouda M.N. Prediction of physical properties of nanofiltration membranes for neutral and charged solutes. Desalination. 2011; 280: 174–182.
[79].            Al-Rashdi B.A.M, Johnson D.J, Hilal N. Removal of heavy metal ions by nanofiltration. Desalination. 2013; 315: 2–17.
[80].            Madaeni S.S, Mansourpanah Y. COD removal from concentrated wastewater using membranes. Filtration & Separation. 2003; 40: 40–46.
[81].            Ojedokun A.T, Bello O.S. Sequestering heavy metals from wastewater using cow dung. Water Resources and Industry. 2016; 13: 7–13.
[82].            Demirbas A. Heavy metal adsorption onto agro-based waste materials: a review. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2008; 157: 220–229.
[83].            Ahmadpour A, Zabihi M, Tahmasbi M, Rohani Bastami T. Effect of adsorbents and chemical treatments on the removal of strontium from aqueous solutions. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2010; 182: 552-556.
[84].            Ahmadpour A, Rohani Bastami T, Tahmasbi M, Zabihi M. Rapid removal of heavy metals ions from aqueous solutions by low cost adsorbents. International Journal of Global Environmental Issues. 2012; 12: 318-331.
[85].            Vunain E, Mishra A.K, Mamba B.B. Dendrimers, mesoporous silicas and chitosan-based nanosorbents for the removal of heavy-metal ions: a review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2016; 86: 570–586.
[86].            Markovic S, Stankovic A, Lopicic Z, Lazarevic S, Stojanovic M, Uskokovic D. Application of raw peach shell particles for removal of methylene blue. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2015; 3: 716-724.
[87].            Mezohegyi G, van der Zee F.P, Font J, Fortuny A, Fabregat A. Towards advanced aqueous dye removal processes: a short review on the versatile role of activated carbon. Journal of Environmental Management. 2012; 102: 148–164.
[88].            Zabihi M, Ahmadpour A, Asl A.H. Removal of mercury from water by carbonaceous sorbents derived from walnut shell. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2009; 167: 230–236.
[89].            Zabihi M, Asl A.H, Ahmadpour A. Studies on adsorption of mercury from aqueous solution on activated carbons prepared from walnut shell. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2010; 174: 251–256.
[90].            Tounsadi H, Khalidi A, Machrouhi A, Farnane M, Elmoubarki R, Elhalil A, Sadiq M, Barka N. Highly efficient activated carbon from Glebionis coronaria L. biomass: optimization of preparation conditions and heavy metals removal using experimental design approach. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2016; 4: 4549–4564.
[91].            Zhang L, Zeng Y, Cheng Z. Removal of heavy metal ions using chitosan and modified chitosan: A review. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2016; 214: 175-191.
[92].            Fu F, Wang Q. Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: a review. Journal of Environmental Management. 2011; 92: 407–418.
[93].            Ihsanullah, Al-Khaldi F.A, Abu-Sharkh B, Abulkibash A.M, Qureshi M.I, Laoui T, Atieh M.A. Effect of acid modification on adsorption of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from aqueous solution by activated carbon and carbon nanotubes. Desalination and Water Treatment. 2015; 57: 7232–7244.
[94].            Sun W.L, Xia J, Shan Y.C. Comparison kinetics studies of Cu(II) adsorption by multi-walled carbon nanotubes in homo and heterogeneous systems: Effect of nano-SiO2. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2014; 250: 119–127.
[95].            Peng W, Li H, Liu Y, Song S. A review on heavy metal ions adsorption from water by graphene oxide and its composites. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2017; 230: 496–504.
[96].            Babel S, Kurniawan T.A. Low-cost adsorbents for heavy metals uptake from contaminated water: a review. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2013; B97: 219–243.
[97].            Volesky B. Detoxification of metal-bearing effluents: biosorption for the next century. Hydrometallurgy. 2001; 59: 203–216.
[98].            Chojnacka K. Biosorption and bioaccumulation—the prospects for practical applications. Environment International. 2010; 36: 299–307.
[99].            Wang J, Chen C. Biosorbents for heavy metals removal and their future. Biotechnology Advances. 2009; 27: 195–226.
[100].        Vijayaraghavan K, Yun Y.S. Bacterial biosorbents and biosorption. Biotechnology Advances. 2008; 26: 266–291.
[101].         Cabuk A, Iulhan S, Filik C, Caliskan F. Pb2+ biosorption by pretreated fungal biomass. Turkish Journal of Biology. 2005; 29: 23–28.
[102].         Gerbino E, Carasi P, Araujo-Andrade C, Elizabeth Tymczyszyn E, Gomez-Zavaglia A. Role of S-layer proteins in the biosorption capacity of lead by Lactobacillus kefir. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2015; 31: 583–592.
[103].         Srinath T, Verma T, Ramteke P.W, Garg S.K. Chromium (VI) biosorption and bioaccumulation by chromate resistant bacteria. Chemosphere. 2002; 48: 427–435.
[104].         Ahluwalia S.S, Goyal D. Microbial and plant derived biomass for removal of heavy metals from wastewater. Bioresource Technology. 2007; 98: 2243–2257.
[105].         Yilmazer P, Saracoglu N. Bioaccumulation and biosorption of copper (II) and chromium (III) from aqueous solutions by Pichia stiptis yeast. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology. 2009; 84: 604–610.
[106].         Kocberber N, Donmez G. Chromium (VI) bioaccumulation capacities of adapted mixed cultures isolated from industrial saline wastewaters. Bioresource Technology. 2007; 98: 2178–2183.
[107].         Malik A. Metal bioremediation through growing cells. Environment International. 2004; 30: 261– 278.
[108].         Dhankhar R, Hooda A. Fungal biosorption—an alternative to meet the challenges of heavy metal pollution in aqueous solutions. Environmental Technology. 2011; 32: 467–491.
[109].         Attia T.M.S, Hu X.L, Yin D.Q. Synthesised magnetic nanoparticles coated zeolite (MNCZ) for the removal of arsenic (As) from aqueous solution. Journal of Experimental Nanoscience. 2014; 9: 551-560.
[110].         Chan H.B.S, Ellis B.L. Carbon-encapsulated radioactive 99mTc nanoparticles. Advanced Materials. 2004; 16: 144–9.
[111].         Dias A.M.G.C, Hussain A, Marcos A.S, Roque A.C.A. A biotechnological perspective on the application of iron oxide magnetic colloids modified with polysaccharides. Biotechnology Advances. 2011; 29: 142–155.
[112].         Fatehi M.H, Shayegan J, Zabihi M, Goodarznia I. Functionalized magnetic nanoparticles supported on activated carbon for adsorption of Pb (II) and Cr(VI) ions from saline solutions. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2017; 5: 1754-1762.
[113].         Fan F.L, Qin Z, Bai J, Rong W.D, Fan F.Y, Tian W, Wu X.L, Wang Y, Zhao L. Rapid removal of uranium from aqueous solutions using magnetic Fe3O4–SiO2 composite particles. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2012; 106: 40–46.
[114].         Morcos T.N, Shafik S.S, Ghoniemy H.F. Self-diffusion of cesium ions in hydrous manganese dioxide from mixed solvent solutions. Solid State Ionics. 2003; 167: 431–436.
[115].         Lin C.L, Lee C.F, Chiu W.Y. Preparation and properties of poly (acrylic acid) oligomer stabilized super paramagnetic ferro fluid. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2005; 291: 411–420.
[116].         Feng Y, Gong J.L, Zeng G.M, Niu Q.Y, Zhang H.Y, Niu C.G, et al. Adsorption of Cd (II) and Zn (II) from aqueous solutions using
magnetic hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as adsorbents. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2010; 162(2): 487–494.
[117].         Sung Y.K, Ahn B.W, Kang T.J. Magnetic nano fibers with core (Fe3O4 nanoparticle suspension)/sheath (poly ethylene terephthalate) structure fabricated by coaxial electro spinning. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2012; 324: 916–922.
[118].         Jeong U, Teng X, Wang Y, Yang H, Xia Y. Superparamagnetic colloids: controlled synthesis and niche applications. Advanced Materials. 2007; 19: 33–60.
[119].         Girginova P.I, Daniel-da-Silva A.L, Lopes C.B, Figueira P, Otero M, Amara V.S, et al. Silica coated magnetite particles for magnetic removal of Hg2+ from water. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2010; 345(2): 234–40.
[120].         Mahmoudi M, Sant S, Wang B, Laurent S, Sen T. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs): development, surface modification and applications in chemotherapy. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 2011; 63: 24–46.
[121].         Laurent S, Forge D, Port M, Roch A, Robic C, Vander Elst L, et al. Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, stabilization, vectorization, physicochemical characterizations, and biological applications. Chemical Reviews. 2008; 108(6): 2064–2110.
[122].         Teja A.S, Koh P.Y. Synthesis, properties, and applications of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials. 2009; 55(1–2): 22–45.
[123].         Hu H, Wang Z, Pan L. Synthesis of monodisperse Fe3O4–silica core–shell microspheres and their application for removal of heavy metal ions from water. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2010; 492(1–2): 656–661.
Iranian journal of Ecohydrology
Volume 5, Issue 3
October 2018
Pages 855-874

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 22 August 2017
  • Revise Date: 02 May 2018
  • Accept Date: 10 March 2018

Share

How to cite

Statistics