Study of Hyporheic flow pattern downstream of river steps

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 PhD Student, Department of Water and Soil, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources

2 Associated Professor, Department of Water Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources

3 Associate Professor, Department of Water and Soil, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources

Abstract

The Hyperic region is an area immediately below the riverbed in which the mixing of downwelling surface water with subsurface flow occurs. This area plays a very vital role in the ecology of the river and causes self-purification of the river flow. Rockboulders in riverbeds usually act as impermable barriers, creating a hydraulic head difference upstream and downstream of these structures, and a hydraulic jump occurs downstream. Since scour hole is usually formed downstream of these barriers, so the purpose of this study was to determine the different pattern of hyperic exchanges around rigid river barriers in three different flow conditions(i.e., clinging nappe, rapid variable flow and hydraulic jump-scouring. To evaluate the results, a laboratory flume was used to determine the flowpaths of hyperic streamlines. The numerical model was also used for simulation of hyporheicflow. The results showed that there was a good agreement between the observed and computational flowpattern in the hyperic area for both clinging nappe and hydraulic jump, and Upstream Directed Upwelling(UDU) was observed in the area between the vertical barrier wall and the point of maximum scour depth and downstream Directed Upwelling(DDU) was observed in the numerical model. Also, the results showed that there are a power relations between total exchange rate(Qex), the residence time(Rt) and the percentage of exchange rate(Qp) against Reynolds number and correlation coefficient of 95, 81 and 86% was obtained for Qex, Rt and Qp, respectively. The accuracy of estimation shows that these relations can be used for estimation of hyporheic characteristics.

Keywords

References

[1]. Brierley, G. J. and Fryirs, K. A. Geomorphology and River Management. Malden, Mass. : s.n., 2005, Blackwell Publ., p. 398.
[2]. Comiti, F., Cadol, D. and Wohl, E. Flow regimes, bed morphology,and flow resistance in self-formed step-pool channels. s.l. : Water Resour.Res., 2009, Vols. W04424, doi:10.1029/2008WR007259., p. 45.
[3]. Hager, W. H. Energy Dissipators and Hydraulic Jump, Kluwer Acad. Publ. Netherlands. : Dordrecht, 1991.
[4]. Harbaugh, A. W. Geological Survey modular ground-water model—The ground-water flow process. U.S. : s.n., 2005, U.S. Geol. Surv. Tech. Methods, Vols. 6-A16, p. 253. MODFLOW–2005.
 
[5]. Knighton, D. Fluvial Forms & Processes: A New Perspective. New York : s.n., 1998, Oxford Univ. Press, p. 383.
[6]. Tonina, D. Interaction between river morphology and intra-gravel flow paths within the hyporheic zone. s.l. : Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, 2005.
[7]. Tsutsumi, D. and Laronne, J. B. Gravel-Bed Rivers: Process and Disasters. [ed.] Jonathan B. Laronne Daizo Tsutsumi. 2017.
[8]. Kasahara, T. and Hill, A. R. Hyporheic exchange flows induced by constructed riffles and steps in lowland streams in southern Ontario, Canada. s.l. : Hydrol. Proc., 2006, pp. 20, 4287–4305.
[9]. Crispell, J. K. and Endreny, T. A. Hyporheic exchange flow around constructed in-channel structures and implications for restoration design. s.l. : Hydrol. Proc., 2009, pp. 23(8), 1158– 1168.
[10]. Harvey, J. W. and Bencala, K. E. The effect of streambed topography on surface-subsurface water exchange in mountain catchments. 1993, Water Resour. Res., pp. 29(1), 89– 98.
[11]. Lautz, L. K. and Siegel, D. I. Modeling surface and ground water mixing in the hyporheic zone using MODFLOW and MT3D. s.l. : Adv. Water Resour., 2006, pp. 29, 1618–1633.
[12]. Packman, A., Salehin, M. and Zaramella, M. Hyporheic exchange with gravel beds: Basic hydrodynamic interactions and bedform-induced advective flows. s.l. : J. Hydraul. Eng., 2004. pp. 130(7), 647– 656.
[13]. Thibodeaux, L. J. and Boyle, J. D. Bedform-generated convective transport in bottom sediment. s.l. : Nature, 1987, pp. 325(22), 341–343.
[14]. Tonina, D. and Buffington, J. M. Hyporheic exchange in gravel bed rivers with pool-riffle morphology: Laboratory experiments and threedimensional modeling. W01421, , s.l. : Water Resour. Res., 2007, p. 43. doi:10.1029/2005WR004328.
[15]. Valle´, B. L. and Pasternack, G. B. Submerged and unsubmerged natural hydraulic jumps in a bedrock step-pool mountain channel. s.l. : Geomorphology, 2006, pp. 82(1 –2), 146–159.
[16]. Wilcox, A. C. and Wohl, E. E. Field measurements of three-dimensional hydraulics in a step-pool channel. s.l. : Geomorphology, 2007, pp. 83(3– 4),215– 231.
[17]. Wondzell, S. M. Effect of morphology and discharge on hyporheic exchange flows in two small streams in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. USA : Hydrol. Proc., 2006, pp. 20(2), 267– 287.
[18]. onina, D. and Buffington, J. M. Hyporheic Exchange in Mountain Rivers I : Mechanics and Environmental Effects. Ts.l. : Geogr. Compass, 2009, pp. 3, 1–24.
[19]. Nagaoka, H. and Ohgaki, S. Mass transfer mechanisms in a porous riverbed. 1990, Water Res, pp. 24(4), 417–425.
[20]. O’Connor, B. L. and Harvey, J. W. Scaling hyporheic exchange and its influence on biogeochemical reactions in aquatic ecosystems. 2008, Water Resour. Res, Vols. W12423,, p. 44. doi:10.1029/2008WR007160.
[21]. Kasahara, T. and Wondzell, S. M. s.l.Geomorphic controls on hyporheic exchange flow in mountain streams. : Water Resour. Res., 2003, pp. 39(1),1005,. doi:10.1029/2002WR001386.
[22]. Boulton, A. J.; Findlay, S.; Marmonier, P.; Stanley, E. H.; Valett, H. M.;.The functional significance of the hyporheic zone in streams and rivers. 1998, Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., pp. 29, 59– 81.
[23]. Trauth, N.; Schmidt, C.; Vieweg, M.; Oswald, S. E. Hydraulic controls of in‐stream gravel bar hyporheic exchange and reactions. 2015, Fleckenstein JHJWRR, Vol. 51(4), pp. 2243-63.
[24]. Elliott, A. H. and Brooks, N. H. Transfer of nonsorbing solutes to a streambed with bed forms: Laboratory experiments. 1997a, Water Resour. Res, pp. 33(1), 137– 151. doi:10.1029/96WR02783.
[25]. Buffington, J. M. and Tonina, D. Hyporheic Exchange in Mountain Rivers II : Effects of Channel Morphology on Mechanics, Scales, and Rates of Exchange. s.l. : Geogr. Compass, 2009, pp. 3, 1 –25.
[26]. Chanson, H. Current knowledge in hydraulic jumps and related phenomena. s.l. : A survey of experimental results, Eur. J. Mech. B., Fluids, 2009, pp. 28(2), 191– 210.
[27]. Hester, E. T. and Doyle, M. W. In-stream geomorphic structures as drivers of hyporheic exchange. 2008, Water Resour. Res, Vols. W03417,, p. 44. doi:10.1029/2006WR005810.
[28]. Poole, G. C. Stream hydrogeomorphology as a physical science basis for advances in stream ecology. 2010, J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc, pp. 29(1), 12– 25.
[29]. Comiti, F. and Lenzi, M. A. Dimensions of standing waves at steps mountain rivers. s.l. : Water Resour. Res., 2006, Vols. W03411, , p. 42. doi:10.1029/2004WR003898.
[30]. Endreny, T., Lautz, L. and Siegel, D. I. Hyporheic flow path response to hydraulic jumps at river steps: Flume and hydrodynamic models. February 12, 2011, Water Resour. Res, Vols. 47, W02517. doi:10.1029/2009WR008631.
[31]. Jamali, S and Dehghani, A.A. laboratory study on the action of surface and subsurface water in the middle sedimentary ridge. 2019, J. Echo Hydrology, Vol. 6(2), pp. 323-339. (In Persian).
[32]. Lautz, L. K. and Fanelli, R. M. Seasonal biogeochemical hotspots in the streambed around restoration structures. s.l. : Biogeochemistry, 2008, pp. 91(5),85– 104.
[33]. Marzadri A, Tonina D, Bellin A, Vignoli G, Tubino M. Semianalytical analysis of hyporheic
flow induced by alternate bars.: Water Resour. Res., 2010, Vols. 46, W07531. doi:10.1029/2009WR008285.
 [34]. Movahedi, N; Dehghani, A.A; Trat, N; Meftah Halqi, M. Laboratory and numerical study of hyperic exchange in the presence of pool and riffle bed form. 2019, J. Echo Hydrology, Vol. 6(1), pp. 191-204. (In persian).
[35]. Movahedi, N.; Dehghani, A.A.; Schmidt, C.; Trat, N.; Pasternack, G.B.; Stewardsone, M.J.; Meeftah Halghi, M. Hyporheic exchanges due to channel bed and width undulations. 2021, Water res, Vol. 149(2), p. 103857. doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2021.103857.
[36]. Kaser, D. H.; Binley, A.; Heathwaite, A. L.; Krause, S. Spatiotemporal variations of hyporheic flow in a riffle-step-pool sequence. s.l. : Hydrol. Proc., 2009, pp. 23(15), 2138–2149.
Iranian journal of Ecohydrology
Volume 8, Issue 4
January 2022
Pages 1127-1145

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 10 September 2021
  • Revise Date: 20 November 2021
  • Accept Date: 31 January 2022
  • First Publish Date: 31 January 2022
  • Publish Date: 22 December 2021

Share

How to cite

Statistics