Feasibility of wetland technology in biological wastewater treatment Tehran Province villages

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 MSc. in Environmental Engineering (Water and Wastewater), West Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

3 Department of Renewable Energies and Environment Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

10.22059/ije.2023.362170.1748

Abstract

Wetland technology, utilizing natural plants and microorganisms, is an effective approach for removing contaminants from wastewater. In recent years, there has been increased attention towards biological treatment processes for wastewater treatment in rural and agricultural sectors, particularly in developing countries. Rural wastewater facilities play a crucial role in promoting public health and environmental protection within rural areas. Wetland technology has emerged as a viable method for biological wastewater treatment in these regions. This study focuses on assessing the feasibility of implementing wetlands in villages of Tehran Province. Models and methodologies for wetland utilization worldwide and in Iran were collected, and conceptual models were designed according to Iranian standards. Data layers based on three key criteria, namely technical, socio-economic, and environmental factors, were classified. Relevant maps were developed and overlaid using a Geographic Information System (GIS). The findings indicate that approximately 49 villages, primarily located in the western half of Tehran Province, demonstrated the highest suitability for constructing wetlands. Among these villages, 12 are prioritized by the Department of Rural Water and Wastewater in Tehran Province for the development of wastewater treatment systems, with wetland technology being recommended as the preferred option.

Keywords

Main Subjects


[1]. Chheang L, Thongkon N, Sriwiriyarat T, Thanasupsin SP. Heavy Metal Contamination and Human Health Implications in the Chan Thnal Reservoir, Cambodia. Sustainability. 2021 Dec 7;13(24):13538.
[2]. Resende JD, Nolasco MA, Pacca SA. Life cycle assessment and costing of wastewater treatment systems coupled to constructed wetlands. Resour Conserv Recycl. 2019 Sep; 148:170–7.
[3]. Biggs J, von Fumetti S, Kelly-Quinn M. The importance of small waterbodies for biodiversity and ecosystem services: implications for policy makers. Hydrobiologia. 2017 Jun 1;793(1):3–39.
[4]. Gasco Cavero S, García-Gil A, Cruz-Pérez N, Martín Rodríguez LF, Laspidou C, Contreras-Llin A, et al. First emerging pollutants profile in groundwater of the volcanic active island of El Hierro (Canary Islands). Science of The Total Environment. 2023 May; 872:162204.
[5]. Li J, Lu X. Performance and Microbial Diversity in a Low-Energy ANF-WDSRBC System for the Post-Treatment of Decentralized Domestic Wastewater. Water (Basel). 2017 May 6;9(5):330.
[6]. Ma Y, Zhai Y, Zheng X, He S, Zhao M. Rural domestic wastewater treatment in constructed ditch wetlands: Effects of influent flow ratio distribution. J Clean Prod. 2019 Jul; 225:350–8.
[7]. Chen F, Yao Q. The Development of Rural Domestic Wastewater Treatment in China. Adv Mat Res. 2014 Dec;1073–1076:829–32.
[8]. Han Y, Ma J, Xiao B, Huo X, Guo X. New Integrated Self-Refluxing Rotating Biological Contactor for rural sewage treatment. J Clean Prod. 2019 Apr; 217:324–34.
[9]. Zhang DQ, Jinadasa KBSN, Gersberg RM, Liu Y, Ng WJ, Tan SK. Application of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in developing countries – A review of recent developments (2000–2013). J Environ Manage. 2014 Aug; 141:116–31.
[10]. Lutterbeck CA, Kist LT, Lopez DR, Zerwes F V., Machado ÊL. Life cycle assessment of integrated wastewater treatment systems with constructed wetlands in rural areas. J Clean Prod. 2017 Apr; 148:527–36.
[11]. Zamora S, Sandoval L, Marín-Muñíz JL, Fernández-Lambert G, Hernández-Orduña MG. Impact of Ornamental Vegetation Type and Different Substrate Layers on Pollutant Removal in Constructed Wetland Mesocosms Treating Rural Community Wastewater. Processes. 2019 Aug 12;7(8):531.
[12]. Sandoval L, Marín-Muñiz JL, Zamora-Castro SA, Sandoval-Salas F, Alvarado-Lassman A. Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment by Microcosms of Vertical Subsurface Wetlands in Partially Saturated Conditions Planted with Ornamental Plants and Filled with Mineral and Plastic Substrates. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Jan 9;16(2):167.
[13]. Marín-Muñiz JL, Sandoval Herazo LC, López-Méndez MC, Sandoval-Herazo M, Meléndez-Armenta RÁ, González-Moreno HR, et al. Treatment Wetlands in Mexico for Control of Wastewater Contaminants: A Review of Experiences during the Last Twenty-Two Years. Processes. 2023 Jan 23;11(2):359.
[14]. Vymazal J. Plants used in constructed wetlands with horizontal subsurface flow: a review. Hydrobiologia. 2011 Oct 17;674(1):133–56.
[15]. Moreira FD, Dias EHO. Constructed wetlands applied in rural sanitation: A review. Environ Res. 2020 Nov; 190:110016.
[16]. Jia L, Sun H, Zhou Q, Zhao L, Wu W. Pilot-scale two-stage constructed wetlands based on novel solid carbon for rural wastewater treatment in southern China: Enhanced nitrogen removal and mechanism. J Environ Manage. 2021 Aug; 292:112750.
[17]. Hdidou M, Necibi MC, Labille J, El Hajjaji S, Dhiba D, Chehbouni A, et al. Potential Use of Constructed Wetland Systems for Rural Sanitation and Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture in the Moroccan Context. Energies (Basel). 2021 Dec 27;15(1):156.
[18]. Shan D, Jiang H, Dai Y. Selection and evaluation of rural wastewater treatment technology in arid regions of Northwest China. Desalination Water Treat. 2022; 254:57–70.
[19]. Cao X, Jiang L, Zheng H, Liao Y, Zhang Q, Shen Q, et al. Constructed wetlands for rural domestic wastewater treatment: A coupling of tidal strategy, in-situ bio-regeneration of zeolite and Fe(â…¡)-oxygen denitrification. Bioresour Technol. 2022 Jan; 344:126185.
[20]. Mandi L, Ouazzani N, Aziz F. Constructed Wetlands as a Green and Sustainable Technology for Domestic Wastewater Treatment Under the Arid Climate of Rural Areas in Morocco. In 2022. p. 1–20.
[21]. Long Y, Zhou Z, Yin L, Wen X, Xiao R, Du L, et al. Microplastics removal and characteristics of constructed wetlands WWTPs in rural area of Changsha, China: A different situation from urban WWTPs. Science of The Total Environment. 2022 Mar; 811:152352.
[22]. Wang S, Teng Y, Cheng F, Lu X. Application Potential of Constructed Wetlands on Different Operation Mode for Biologically Pre-Treatment of Rural Domestic Wastewater. Sustainability. 2023 Jan 17;15(3):1799.
[23]. Wu H, Wang R, Yan P, Wu S, Chen Z, Zhao Y, et al. Constructed wetlands for pollution control. Nat Rev Earth Environ. 2023 Mar 14;4(4):218–34.
[24]. Retta B, Coppola E, Ciniglia C, Grilli E. Constructed Wetlands for the Wastewater Treatment: A Review of Italian Case Studies. Applied Sciences. 2023 May 18;13(10):6211.
[25]. Hendy I, Zelenakova M, Pietrucha-Urbanik K, Salama Y, Abu-hashim M. Decentralized Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment in Rural and Remote Areas of Semi-arid Regions. Water (Basel). 2023 Jun 18;15(12):2281.
[26]. Sandoval Herazo LC, Marín-Muñiz JL, Alvarado-Lassman A, Zurita F, Marín-Peña O, Sandoval-Herazo M. Full-Scale Constructed Wetlands Planted with Ornamental Species and PET as a Substitute for Filter Media for Municipal Wastewater Treatment: An Experience in a Mexican Rural Community. Water (Basel). 2023 Jun 18;15(12):2280.
[27]. Moghaddasi M, Morid S, Ghaemi G, Samani M. Evaluation and Daily Monitoring of Drought in Tehran Province 2002;1(36):51-62. Agricultural Sciences. 2002; [Persian]
[28]. Salari H, Hassani A, Borghei M, Yazdanbakhsh AR, Rezaei H. Investigation of Performance Wetland In Removal N and P In Wastewater Treatment (Case Study:Morad Tapeh). Journal of Water and Wastewater; Ab va Fazilab [Internet]. 2012;23(3):40–7. [Persian]
[29]. Tashauee HR, Mahdavi M, Karakani F, Ghelmani SV, Ataifar H. Application of horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetland for treatment of wastewater in foreign countries and Iran. Journal of Health System Research. 2012;7(6):22–34. [Persian]
[30]. Vallée R, Dousset S, Schott FX, Pallez C, Ortar A, Cherrier R, et al. Do constructed wetlands in grass strips reduce water contamination from drained fields? Environmental Pollution. 2015 Dec; 207:365–73.
[31]. Verhoeven JTA, Meuleman AFM. Wetlands for wastewater treatment: Opportunities and limitations. Ecol Eng. 1999 Jan;12(1–2):5–12.
[32]. Malczewski J. GIS and Multicriteria Decision Analysis. 2nd ed. New York: john wiley & sons; 1999.
[33]. Shaghaghi F. Environmental impact assessment studies conducted using weighted linear combination method. natural resources engineering; 2010. [Persian]
[34]. Sadeghi A, Khorasani N, Danehkar A, Ardakani T. Environmental sitting thermal power plant according to Boolean and Index overlay models (Case study: Chabahar town). Journal of Natural Environment [Internet]. 2011;64(1):43–54. [Persian]
[35]. Solution for Advancement of Rural Sewage Systems. 2008. [Persian]
[36]. Phase one study of wastewater treatment plant in Aliabad, Islamshahr village. 2012. [Persian]
[37]. Yousefi Z, Mohseni A, Ghiasoddin M, Naseri S, Shakari M, Vaezi F. The Role of Gladiolus Plants in Bacteria Removal from Subsurface Wastewater in Wetland Systems. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2001;31(11):7–15. [Persian]
[38]. Rahmani-Sani A. Comparison of treatability of wastewater in tropical regions by stabilization ponds and artificial wetlands based on technical and economic criteria. Mazandaran University; 2000. [Persian]
[39]. Slimi M. urban wastewater treatment using artificial wetlands with various length-to-width ratios. Tarbiat Modares University; 1998. [Persian]
[40]. Rahmani-Sani. A. Comparison of treatability of wastewater in tropical regions by stabilization ponds and artificial wetlands based on technical and economic criteria [Bachelor’s thesis]. ;. Mazandaran University; 2010. [Persian]
[41]. Technical regulations for the investigation and approval of urban wastewater treatment plant projects. 1993. [Persian]
[42]. Sha’ari A, Rahmati A. Laws, regulations, environmental standards and guidelines for human environment. 1st ed. Tehran: Hekmat; 2012. [Persian]
[43]. Ghaderi A. Using Artificial Wetlands for Natural Treatment of Municipal Wastewater. In Isfahan: In: Proceedings of the 3rd National Conference on Water and Wastewater Industry Issues,Isfahan University of Medical Sciences; 1997. [Persian]